Writing a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, volition be required to undertake a literature review, either as role of a course of study, every bit a primal pace in the research process. A literature review tin can exist but a elementary summary of the sources, but information technology commonly has an organizational design and combines both summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such equally learning how to ascertain topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data as well every bit condign adept at writing and reporting, oftentimes within a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to present a step-by-step approach to writing a literature review research newspaper to facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding. A literature review discusses published information in a detail field of study area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area inside a certain time flow. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more than diversified knowledge base of the topic as it continues to develop. The second kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would do good from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and have not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and evidence-based intendance, a stride in the research process and equally part of an academic cess. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Ofttimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a field of study, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

Figures - uploaded past Muhammad Ali Ramdhani

Writer content

All figure content in this area was uploaded past Muhammad Ali Ramdhani

Content may be subject to copyright.

Join for gratis

47

Writing a Literature Review Inquiry Paper:

A footstep- by- step arroyo

Abdullah Ramdhani1, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani 2, Abdusy Syakur Amin 3

1 Department of Public Assistants, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.air conditioning.id.

2 Faculty of Science and Technology

State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- Indonesia

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.air conditioning.id

3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Direction, Pasundan University

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-INDONESIA

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstract – Writing a calorie-freerature review in the preastward or post-qualification, will bdue east

required to undertake a literature review, either equally part of a course of written report, equally a

key pace in the research process. A literature review can be just a simple summary

of the sources, but information technology usually has an organizational design and combines both

summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such as learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the ability to analyze and synthesize information also as condign skilful at

writing and reporting, often within a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to

nowadays a step- past- step approach to writing a literature review research newspaper to

facilitate student and novice reviewers' agreement.

Key Due westords – Literature review; Literature searching; Westwardriting a review.

ane Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a detail subject field expanse, and sometimes

information in a particular subject area area within a certain time flow. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the demand for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more than diversified knowledge base of the topic as information technology continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and take non yet undergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting data for

developing policies and testify-based intendance, a step in the research process and as part of an academic

assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears

daunting. Oftentimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

International Journal of Basic and Applied science,

5ol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

many articles to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review can be only a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important

information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that data. It

might give a new interpretation of quondam material or combine new with onetime interpretations. Or information technology might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and propose the reader on the most pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular

consequence, area of research, or theory, and by and then doing, providing a clarification, summary, and critical

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have

explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, northward.d.). A literature review is a description of theastward

literature relevant to a detail field or topic. It gives an overview of what has existen said, who the fundamental

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked, and what

methods and methodologies are advisable and useful. As such, information technology is non in itself primary research, but

rather it reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The primary reports used in the literature may exist exact, only in the vast majority of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical analytic, or

methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, clarify

and/ or integrate the content of primary reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review is an objective, thorough summary and critical analysis of the relevant available

research and non-research literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader up- to -engagement with electric current literature on a topic and form the basis for another

goal, such equally the justification for futurity research in the surface area. A good literature review gathers

information about a particular subject from many sources. It is well written and contains few if any

personal biases. It should contain a clear search and option strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Good structuring is essential to enhance the flow and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is different from an academic research paper. The main focus of an academic

research paper is to develop a new argument, and a research paper will contain a literature review equally

one of its parts. In a research paper, you employ the literature equally a foundation and every bit support for a new

insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve as a section of a principal research article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the primary study that is the bailiwick of the articleast. In that capacity, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

commodity. It describes the content and quality of cognition already bachelor, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous piece of work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). As an bookish piece, the review

cannot simply regurgitate the subject area matter, but rather must contribute to the work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available cloth and offer a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

International Journal of Basic and Engineering science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list every bit possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a item subject area. It is different with traditional

reviews that attempt to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews utilise explicit and

rigorous criteria to place, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Principal purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

groundwork for understanding current cognition and highlighting the significance of new research. It

can inspire research ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a trunk of knowledge, thus helping

the researcher to decide or define research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) debate that a sufficiently focused research question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. Equally, all the same, it can assistance refine or focus a broad research question

and is united stateseful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It tin can also be helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should particular the time frame inside which the

literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In order for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (meet figure 1), the

reviewer needs to nowadays the precise criteria used to: (a) Codify the inquiry question; (b) Set up

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and admission theastward literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (e) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

International Periodical of Basic and Engineering science,

Fiveol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

4 Steps in the Literature Review Process

Given the detail processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the remainder of this article is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) fence that the kickoff step involves identifying the bailiwick of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may have decided this already.

However, for the private undertaking a not -inquiry based literature review this will exist the first

step.

4.1 Choosing a review topic

The first task to tackle, oft the virtually difficult, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Often the task is especially difficult because of a

lack of knowledge in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your selection of a topic.

Beginning, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the subject field that interest you. 2nd,

read the capacity associated with the topics yous selection to develop familiarity withursday the vocabulary (key

words), primary investigators, and issues or controversies in the area. 3rd, talking to others, such as

expert, or reading around a topic can also help to identify what areas of the subject the reviewer is

interested in and may help indicate how much information exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The next step, after choosing a topic, is to go to the library and search for periodical articles

published in the area. Utilize key words to find commodity titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader's reference. Abstracts tin can be useful, time saving devices because they aid in

weeding good, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral manufactures.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is likewise of import, specially when the

review is an bookish consignment. These academic exercises normally accept short deadlines, and then having

enough literature is key from the perspective of being able to practise the review and submit information technology on time.

Literature reviews that are part of academic coursework normally take strictly enforced word limits and

it is important to adhere to that limit. Topics that are as well broad volition result in reviews that are either too

long or too superficial. As a dominion of pollex, it is amend to commencement with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary broaden the scope of the review as you progress. It is much more hard to cutting content

successfully, especially if time is short.

iv.2 Searching and selecting advisable articles

The adjacent step later selected a topic is to identify, in a structured way, the appropriate and related

data. A systematic approach is considered virtually likely to generate a review that will be

beneficial in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) advise that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that

the more than specific the topic or question being searched is, the more focused the issue will be (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of articles that are selected for a good review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review articles, and empirical research manufactures. Choosing the work of a single researcher may be one

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation will be more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that yous support

in your paper. You should choose several researchers' works that accept added to the knowledge base in

International Periodical of Basic and Applied science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explicate away) articles that have faulty methods or that utilise faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Present, literature searches are undertaken most commonly using computers and electronic

databases. Computer databases offering access to vast quantities of information, which can be retrieved

more easily and quickly than using a manual search (Younger, 2004). In that location are numerous electronic

databases, many of which bargain with specific fields of data. It is important therefore to identify

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews can also be important sources of data. They can offer a good overview of the

research that has been undertaken, and so that the relevance to the present piece of work tin be determined (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) argue when undertaking a literature search an of import question in determining

whether a publication should be included in your review is defining the blazon of source. The four chief

types of sources are outlined in Table 1. In conducting the literature search it is important to keep a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature as these will need to exist identified

afterwards when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table 1. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a written report by the original researchers of a study

Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, east.g. a review article

Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

5iews or opinions about the subject that are non research, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

Information technology is always more desirable to use primary sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

unremarkably in the form of articles published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded as

existence more upwardly- to- date than books as sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review articles or Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources do not incorporate new information. A look at

secondary sources is often a good move when starting a literature review, but you never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources as a check against possible errors.

iv.three Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After you lot have collected the articles you intend to utilise in your literature review, you are ready to

analyze each one (pause it downwards and identify the of import information in it) and then synthesize the

collection of articles (integrate them and identify the conclusions that can exist drawn from the articles equally

a group).

Initially, it is advisable to undertake a outset read of the articles that take been collected to become a sense of

what they are well-nigh. Most published articles contain a summary or abstract at the starting time of the

International Journal of Basic and Technology,

Fiveol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

newspaper, which will aid with this process and enable the conclusion every bit to whether it is worthy of further

reading or inclusion. At this betoken, it may also exist of benefit to undertake an initial classification and

grouping of the manufactures past type of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

In that location are a number of tools that can aid us clarify and synthesize our key sources. Table 2 show

near using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique interpretation that not simply serves as the foundation of your written report but also contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility as a scholar. At that place are limitless means of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized past the primal studies on your specific topic. Identify six to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that you volition use equally the foundation

for your proposed research. In the first column along the vertical axis of the table, list the writer and

date of publication for each written report (Emerge, 2013). Then create columns to identify the purpose or

research questions the authors posed, the method used in the study, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the study, the main ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

ostend those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offer

information not found in other sources.

Table 2. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Another tools for analyze and synthesize is undertake an initial classification and grouping of the

articles by blazon of source. Once the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to return to the

articles to undertake a more systematic and critical review of the content. It is recommended that some

type of structure is adopted during this process such as that proposed by Cohen (1990). This simple

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) system and it not simply keeps

yous focussed and consistent just ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of material

particularly if a large number of publications are being reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview stage, a reviewer may finish upwards with four stacks of manufactures that are deemed

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question phase, questions are asked

of each publication. Here several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary system (or a

combination of both) to assist the process (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although at that place are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

mostly they are concerned with the title of the article, the author, the purpose and the method

applied in a research study, and findings and outcomes. It is too useful to incorporate comments or

key thoughts on your response to the article after it has been reviewed. For the purpose of good record

keeping, it is suggested that the source and full reference are also included. It can be very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a key point among a plethora of manufactures at a later stage (Cronin, et al,

2008).

International Journal of Basic and Applied science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

As information technology is likely that not all of the articles will be chief sources, you may wish to adapt your summary

system to accommodate other sources, such as systematic reviews or non-research literature. Possible

headings, adapted from appraisal tools for various types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

it may be laborious at times, each article should be read while trying to reply the questions . It is

worth noting, even so, that if whatever attribute of the appraisal is not clear, it may be benign to admission

more detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further analysis or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of data required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Journal (full reference):

Journal (total reference):

Journal (full reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Key thoughts/ comments, eastward.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.thou.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The concluding stage of appraisal is to write a short summary of each commodity and may include key thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. It should be written in your own words to

facilitate your understanding of the material. It too forms a skilful footing for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

four.four Organization of writing the review

The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader to understand the need

to conduct precisely the form of literature review or research newspaper that y'all propose or take done. The

central to a skillful literature review or research paper is the ability to present the findings in such a way that

it demonstrates your knowledge in a clear and consistent way (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should evidence how your research

project volition bring together the on-going chat: identify the key terms and concepts and indicate how your

research will resolve unresolved questions in others' work. You lot can aland then outline the construction of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the determination — and y'all tin then

foreshadow the direction of the next department/ chapter.

4.4.1 Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) argue that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a brief

overview of the 'problem'. It is of import that the literature sources and the central search terms are

International Journal of Basic and Practical Science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

outlined. The introduction will non simply nowadays the chief topic, but will too brand a statement almost

the status of knowledge in this area of research.

Some areas of business organization in preparing the introduction is (a) Ascertain or identify the full general topic or surface area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Point out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, show and conclusions, or gaps in research and scholarship, to place a

detail problem; (c) Institute your purpose for reviewing the literature or betoken of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explain what information technology included or excluded (scope); and

forecast the organisation or sequence of the review.

4.4.2 Main torso

The main body of the report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. At that place are several

ways in which this can be done (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the manner

in which the master body of the review is framed, there are cardinal points that must be considered. First,

Group research studies and other literature according to mutual denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. 2nd, summarize

individual studies in item appropriate to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Tertiary, Use figures and/ or tables to present your own synthesis of the

original data or to show fundamental data taken directly from the original papers.

In order for your reader to move through your data with ease while keeping the large moving picture in

view, order your body paragraphs in the same way that you lot did in the statement nigh how your

literature review will keep. Society the abstractions (main ideas) from general to specific, deciding

which sources accept contributions to make to which concepts. You will so present more than specific

information from the sources, using in-text citation, to discuss the abstractions in more than detail and to

point out areas of agreement or debate among sources. Your body paragraphs should piece of work to not only

summarize what sources have said, only to demonstcharge per unit relationships betwixt them.

4.4.3 Conclusion

The conclusion should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the material leads yous to conclude about the overall state of the literature, what it provides

and where it is defective. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a curtailed

summary of the findings that describes electric current noesis and offer a rationale for conducting time to come

research. In a review, which forms part of a study, any gaps in knowledge that take been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may also exist possible to

use the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the study. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for practice, education and inquiry should be

included.

4.4.4 References

The literature review should conclude with a full bibliographical list of all the books, journal manufactures,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the work. Regardless of whether the review is part

of a course of report or for publication, it is an essential function of the process that all sourced cloth is

acknowledged. This means that every commendation in the text must announced in the reference. Omissions or

International Journal of Bones and Technology,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

errors in referencing are very common and students frequently lose vital marks in assignment because of it.

A useful strategy is to create a dissever file for references and each fourth dimension a publication is cited, it can be

added to this list immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

v Conclusion

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-by - step approach to carrying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written generally enough to exist applicative to a wide range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative will oftentimes dictate when and how it is carried out.

Various types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for conveying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to be learned. By conducting them, pupil or researchers can be involved in increasing the

knowledge through evidence-based practise.

References

Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. Due west., Rana, P., & Evans, Southward. (2014). A Literature and Practice Review to

Develop Sustainable Business organization Model Archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65: 42-56.

Carnwell, R., & Daly, Due west. (2001) Strategies for the Construction of a Critical Review of the Literature.

Nurse Educ Pract i: 57-63

Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

Nurs 23 (iv): 297–nine.

Cooper, H. One thousand. (1988). The Structure of Cognition Synthesis. Noesis in Order, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, Thousand. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a pace-by - footstep

approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17(1): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (n.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, S., Bowes, D., Gray, D., & Counsell, Southward. (due north.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literatureastward Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. N. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

www.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, One thousand. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Data Systems Research. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 10(26).

Emerge. (2013). A Synthesis Matrix as a Tool for Analyzing and Synthesizing Prior Inquiry. Retrived

from http:// www.academiccoachingandwriting.org/dissertation-medico/dissertation-medico- blog

three- a -synthesis-matrix- as- a-tool -for-analyzing-and-synthesizing-prior-inquiry.

International Periodical of Basic and Applied science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

San Jose Land University (n.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/christen/review_guidelines.html\.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (northward.d.) The Writing Center, Literature Review.

Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Literature-Reviews-The- Writing-

Center.pdf.

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2005). How to conduct an effective literature review. Nurs Stand, 20

(11): 41–7.

USC Libraries. (n.d.) Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview.

Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand up xix (6): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico e indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a united nations campo full general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en united nations intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el actor desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es united nations estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Research method is done through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review as an act to discuss existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain subject area likewise information technology may discuss it in a certain time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this research article will respond the issue presented in the previous department through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes measure during Covid-nineteen Pandemic. Those measures are not unified under the aforementioned standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine and so bachelor the measures and standards states take becomes more complicated and non unified. There needs to be a unified measure out which is a unified social command through international law by analysing whether social command is permissible under international law. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility will unify standards. It is permissible considering the states behaviour nether the current Covid-19 Pandemic. Unified control through international should be washed in a treaty or convention. Diplomacy for the success of the treaty then should be washed through track two model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to the states in raising their wills and concern on the corresponding treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, particular, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. one thousand. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal 5 tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The manufactures were nerveless, classified, and reviewed to identify of import information that tin can exist further used by various stakeholders of the domain of interest. In this context, a brief reading of the literature needs to exist carried out, giving more attending to abstracts of articles every bit they provide summaries from which readers can decide its relevance to the domain under investigation [17]. For instance, DiMatteo adult a quantitative review of 50 years of medical enquiry on patient adherence to handling. ...

Over the by few years, numerous studies and research articles have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical data retrieval, illness statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and application domains. In this paper, nosotros employ diverse text mining and data analysis techniques in an attempt to discover trending topics and topic concordance in the healthcare literature and data mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word clan rules applied to 1945 research articles that had been published betwixt the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to aid saving fourth dimension and effort required for manually summarizing big-calibration amounts of information in such a broad and multidisciplinary domain. To comport out this task, we employ topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), in addition to various document and word embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the involvement in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated by the five nearly commonly used topics in this domain.

  • Made Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal 20 tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Enquiry Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau status dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-19, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada brand produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The final 3 decades two distinct trends have emerged within Early Childhood Education, namely Early Childhood Science Education and Early Childhood Special Education. The current newspaper tries to motility along these areas and illuminate the common ground that lie between them. In detail, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends inside Early Childhood Science Education, it tries to explore to what extend they could expand in special needs context. In addition, it proposes diverse, specific strategies that sally from the higher up-mentioned trends and could be implemented in education science within special needs settings. By so doing, the present paper aspires to set the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early on Childhood Special Science Didactics.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. State fiscal management policies in the new government era also provided new insights for the development of government bookkeeping inquiry. This written report aims to provide an overview of the development of authorities bookkeeping inquiry in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA two during the 2015-2019 catamenia. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles show that accountability and spending are the nearly pop topics to be discussed. Mixed inquiry methods are still very limited to use in these authorities bookkeeping studies. This study contributes to the management of government accounting inquiry in the hereafter past providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan ground akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. Country fiscal management policies in the new government era also provided new insights for the evolution of authorities accounting research. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of regime accounting inquiry in two reputable national journals indexed past SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 catamenia. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 manufactures bear witness that accountability and spending are the virtually pop topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are withal very limited to apply in these government bookkeeping studies. This study contributes to the direction of government bookkeeping enquiry in the time to come by providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices ascertain much of the current industrial sustainability agenda. While important, they are bereft in themselves to evangelize the holistic changes necessary to achieve long-term social and environmental sustainability. How tin we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the way companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business organization models (SBM) incorporate a triple lesser line approach and consider a wide range of stakeholder interests, including environment and society. They are of import in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, can help embed sustainability into business concern purpose and processes, and serve every bit a key commuter of competitive advantage. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business organization models, only accept not been collated under a unifying theme of business concern model innovation. The literature and business exercise review has identified a wide range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that tin contribute to business concern model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to identify defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to building upward the business organisation model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a common language that can be used to accelerate the evolution of sustainable business models in research and practice. The archetypes are: Maximise material and energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Deliver functionality rather than ownership; Prefer a stewardship role; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the concern for society/environment; and Develop scale-up solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working paper has been thoroughly revised and superseded by two distinct articles. The first is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original commodity: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The commodity is available from Google Scholar or from the author's website. The 2d extension article focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Paper Series, December 8, 2015. This article identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates past commendation analysis that, in information systems research, this kind of literature review is more highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The article provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Groundwork: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code tin can assistance direct test endeavour, reduce costs and improve the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the independent variables used and the modelling techniques applied, influence the performance of mistake prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to identify 208 mistake prediction studies published from January 2000 to December 2010. We synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which study sufficient contextual and methodological information according to the criteria nosotros develop and employ. Results: The models that perform well tend to exist based on simple modelling techniques such as Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables have been used past models that perform well. Feature selection has been applied to these combinations when models are performing particularly well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to exist influential to predictive performance. Although there are a fix of mistake prediction studies in which conviction is possible, more studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which written report their context, methodology and performance comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the procedure by which a literature review is conducted. It begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, then explores how fundamental words tin be used to define the telescopic of the review, how the review tin can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions can be drawn from the literature to inform farther studies. Examples from nursing and wellness care are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical step in designing and conducting a credible report. It might seem ho-hum at get-go, but your own ideas will become ameliorate developed and thoughtful as you critique what other researchers have washed. Information technology will make your study stronger. Thus, don't skim over this role of the procedure. A good literature review will make the next steps easier. Information technology will as well assure that you are studying an important surface area, that the outcome has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results volition be easier.